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Why Micrometeoroids and Space Junk Are Emerging as the Biggest Threat to Human Spaceflight

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  Millions of tiny natural and human-made objects continuously orbit the Earth at extraordinary speeds, turning near-Earth space into a hazardous environment for satellites and astronauts alike. The danger came into sharp focus recently when orbital debris struck China’s crewed spacecraft “Shenzhou-20”, cracking the window of its return capsule and rendering it unusable for crew travel. Though no lives were lost, the incident underscored how even minuscule objects can threaten modern space missions. What exactly is MMOD and why is it so dangerous? MMOD refers collectively to “Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris”. While grouped together for risk assessment, the two have very different origins. Micrometeoroids are naturally occurring particles, often no larger than grains of dust or sand, originating largely from collisions in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter , with some contribution from comets. Despite their tiny size, they travel at staggering velocities — up to 72 km pe...
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After a Decade at Mars, NASA Loses Contact With MAVEN Orbiter

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  NASA has lost contact with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, which has been orbiting the Red Planet for over a decade. The space agency confirmed that the spacecraft abruptly stopped communicating with Earth after passing behind Mars, raising concerns about the status of one of its most important Martian science missions. Sudden Communication Blackout According to NASA, MAVEN was functioning normally before it moved behind Mars relative to Earth, a routine phase during its orbit when communication is temporarily unavailable. However, when the spacecraft re-emerged, ground stations received no signals. Engineers have since been attempting to re-establish contact, but the spacecraft has remained silent. NASA has initiated detailed engineering investigations to determine whether the issue is linked to onboard systems, power supply, or external factors. Mission Launched to Study Martian Atmosphere Launched in 2013, MAVEN entered Mars orbit in 2014 with th...
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Fresh Lava Fountains Erupt From Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano

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  Kilauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, produced new lava fountains as part of its ongoing eruptive phase, marking another intense episode within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The latest activity was captured through summit webcam livestreams that showed rapid escalation soon after the eruption began. Intensifying Activity During Episode 38 The eruption episode, recorded as Episode 38, started at 8:45 am HST on December 6. Within minutes, lava fountains surged in height and intensity. A specialised camera placed in a restricted area was damaged after being buried by tephra during a strong burst around 9:55–9:57 am, according to the US Geological Survey. Sustained Lava Fountains At The North Vent Officials reported continuous lava fountains reaching heights of 50–100 feet. These sustained emissions came from the volcano’s north vent, with fountain heights increasing as the episode progressed. Such short-lived eruptive bursts are consistent with the intermittent patter...
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